Wars+and+Conflicts

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__First Arab- Israeli War:__
The First Arab- Israeli War is also well known as the "War in Independence" or "War of Liberation." It was the first war in a series between Israel and its Arab neighbors. The war started upon the ending of the British Mandate of Palestine. After the Arab rejection of the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, five Arab states attacked the land of the former British Mandate of Palestine. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine was the plan to create a Jewish and an Arab state side- by- side. The state of Israel was attacked by Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria which went on until the 1949 Armistice Agreements. Although this war ended it did not finalize the Arab-Israeli conflict. []

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__Holocaust:__
The holocaust also known as "sacrifice by fire" was the persecution and extermination of the Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II and soon after Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany. There were six million Jews and millions of others that had been killed by Nazi Germany and people who worked with them. They were brought together and Jews, Roma (gypsies), communists, political leaders, and intellectuals. Those were not the only groups that were brought together and tortured but homosexuals, mentally challenged, physically disabled, and emotionally disturbed were also.

Following the Holocaust there were many impacts that effected the Middle East.

-There was German-Jewish emigration to Palestine.

-There was also the illegal immigration to Palestine due to the desperation of European Jews.

-The situation of the European Jews were in was used incorrectly as a major conflict with the 1939 White Paper’s limitations on Jewish immigration.

- The Holocaust acted as a motive to the creation of the Jewish Brigade and the recruitment of Jews from Palestine into the British army.

- The situation that the Holocaust was the establishment of Israel is controversial. Zionists believe that is was the single factor, of the Holocaust, that grew to the establishment. However, people think that because there were so many Jews, in the United States and Western Europe, that were committed to creating a Jewish state people took the side that they might have started the establishment.

There was then a strengthening in the Zionist side around 1944. This is when the survivors from the Holocaust started the movement to Palestine with the help of Zionists and the survivors own initiatives. This situation was accepted by the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. There was much controversy about wether the Holocaust had effect on the United Nation’s decision to partition Palestine. Some believed that it had more of effect than others. After the establishment of Israel, the Holocaust has become a popular issue in the nations identity. []

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__** Six Days War: **__ The six day war was fought between Israel against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. Egypt, Jordan, and Syria received aid from other Middle Eastern countries in 1967. It was started when there was tension when it became known that Egypt had concentrated large- scale forces in the Sinai Peninsila. Israel won the war. Only on the Syrian side did it last the whole 6 days. However, for the Egyptian and the Jordanian side it lasted less. The war ended for two reasons, when the Arabs (Jordan, Syria, and Egypt) gave in:

1. The lost territories had few people who stayed there permanently.

2. Egypt, Syria, and Jordan’s capitals were threatened.

When the Six day war ended it left the Arab countries in a depression lasting for several years. This war was the most dramatic of all wars fought between Arab and Israel. Although it was a major loss for the Arab countries, Israel gained large amounts of territory. It gained from Egypt, the Sinai and the Gaza Strip. From Jordan it gained East Jerusalem and West Bank. And, from Syria it gained the Golan Heights. The war resulted in a closing of the Suez Canal for 8 years which caused an increase of freight prices in international trade. []

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__The Suez Crisis: __
This war took place in 1956. This was when three of the Twentieth Century's most dominant forces met in a short violent conflict in the Egyptian regions known as the Suez Canal and the Sinai Peninsula. These three forces are known as Nationalism, the Cold War, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. On October 29, 1956, Israeli troops invaded the Sinai Peninsula and raced for the Suez Canal which had been taken by Egyptian President Nasser earlier that year. Quickly following these actions, Britain and France offered to temporarily go into the Canal Zone and suggested a 10 mile cushion on one of the sides which would Separate Egyptian and Israeli forces. President Nasser refused the suggestion and was attacked on October 31 by military forces of Britain and France. As a result, the Soviet Union, who was already in conflict with Hungary, threatened to come between them on Egypt’s behalf. Then the United States got involved. President Eisenhower pressured Britain, France and Israel into a cease-fire agreement. As a result, all three forces eventually withdrew from Egypt .  [|www.historyguy.com]   []

__The Gulf War:__
The Gulf war started when Saddam Hussein had Iraqi forces invade Kuwait and take over the nation on August 2, 1990. After a few days the United States and the United Nations demanded that the Iraqi forces withdraw from Kuwait. When Saddam refused, the United States and other UN nations took action. They started deploying troops into Saudi Arabia and the world-wide coalition formed under UN authority. More than half a million troops were deployed in Saudi Arabia and all over the Gulf region by January 1991. The U.S. tried to politically solve the problem with Iraqi officials and when they refused to withdraw, the Allies began the bombing of Iraq and its forces in Kuwait on January 16, 1991. When the bombing continued Saddam launched his greatly feared SCUD missiles at Israel and Saudi Arabia. On February 23, the Allies launched the ground war on Iraqi occupation in Kuwait forces that were already beat. Most Iraqi soldiers just gave up, rather than fighting and the Allied forces pushed through to Iraq's defenses with ease. By February 26, the Allied Arab Forces and the underground Kuwait Resistance controlled Kuwait City. The Allied air forces also powdered the retreating Iraqi forces. On February 27, President George Bush ordered a cease-fire and allowed the remaining Iraqi forces to escape. Iraq finally accepted the terms of the cease-fire and the fighting stopped on March 3, 1991 .  [|www.historyguy.com]

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 __War in Afghanistan:__
This war is between the United States, allies such as British forces, and Afghanistan. This conflict started October 7, 2001 when there were allied air strikes on Taliban and al-Qaida targets. Ground forces worked with the Northern Alliance to overthrow the Taliban. As the Northern Alliance and the Allied forces worked together, they caused the fall of Kabul on November 13, 2001 and the Taliban retreated from most of northern Afghanistan. More Allied troops entered the war and the Northern Alliance advanced to the south. As this was going on, the Taliban and al-Qaida retreated toward the mountains between Afghanistan and Pakistan. From 2002 on, the Taliban's main focus was survival and the rebuilding of its forces. In the spring and summer of 2008, the violence in Afghanistan claimed more lives than the current Iraq War. This war continues today and is now being dealt with by U.S. President Barrack Obama.  [|www.historyguy.com]

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">War in Iraq:
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">This war began on March 19, 2003. It started when U.S. Stealth bombers and Tomahawk Cruise Missiles were dropped on targets in and around the city of Baghdad. Soon after these attacks, air attacks on southern Iraqi targets began. These were followed by missile attacks from Iraq directed at the U.S. military positions in the Kuwait Desert. The goals of the Coalition were the disarmament of Iraq and the overthrow of Saddam Hussein and his Baath political party. By March 23, Coalition forces had taken two airfields and controlled parts of Umm Qasr, Basra, and Nasiriyah. Iraqi forces put up a strong fight when armored and mechanized forces got within 100 miles of Baghdad and forced a crossing of the Euphrates River in Nasiriyah. After much conflict, struggle and many lives lost on both sides of the war, on December 13, 2004, Saddam Hussein was finally captured. After being captured, Saddam faced trial in the United States and was later executed after being found guilty of the murders of 148 people in the town of Dujail. The United States has recently withdrawn its forces from Iraq and is debating whether or not to send them to the war in Afghanistan. <span style="color: #a5093c; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[|www.historyguy.com]

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__Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan:__
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 115%;">The Soviets wanted to expand their influence on Asia, preserve the Communist Government that had been created in the 1970’s, and they wanted to protect their interests in Afghanistan from Iran and other western nations. Over one hundred thousand troops were sent in 1979 to quickly capture Kabul and establish a new leader of their own, Babrak Karmal. The troops were greeted with strong resistance when they left their strongholds to explore the countryside. Those who fought back saw the Soviet’s actions as a corruption of Islam as well as of their traditional culture. In 1989, Soviet forces finally pulled out of Afghanistan. Fifteen thousand Soviet soldiers had been killed and an unknown number of Afghans. Thanks to the US support of the Afghan resistance, the soviets could not take all of Afghanistan and were forced to withdraw all of their forces. []